Monitoring the health condition of wind turbines is crucial to ensure the safety and efficient operation of wind farms. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide an economical and effective solution for such monitoring. However, when sensors detect faults in wind turbines, traditional WSN routing protocols often lead to redundant data transmission, resulting in energy waste. To address this issue, an event-triggered energy-efficient wireless routing protocol (EEWRP) is proposed specifically in this paper for wind turbine fault monitoring. The protocol improves the distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm (DEEC) by first identifying the type of event and then using an adaptive dynamic sliding window method to determine the event-triggered combination threshold. The system only wakes up nodes and triggers data transmission in the case of abnormal conditions, effectively reducing data traffic and lowering network energy consumption. Simulation experiments show that the network lifetime of the EEWRP algorithm is increased by about 80% and 20% compared to the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and DEEC algorithms, respectively, and the data transmission volume is about 8.74 times and 1.07 times that of the LEACH and DEEC algorithms, respectively. The EEWRP algorithm can effectively reduce the energy consumption, extend the network lifetime, and enhance the capability of data packet transmission.