Accurately determining the state of charge (SOC) is a critical factor in effective energy management for electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, SOC variations in battery packs must be assessed with high precision. To simulate the complex processes within EVs that involve lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), an appropriate battery model is essential. Accurate parameter extraction through algorithmic methods is key to reliable SOC estimation. A dynamic, high-order equivalent circuit model, featuring two RC pairs in series with the battery's internal resistance, is employed to enhance parameter extraction. The values of the RC pairs are derived by solving equations that characterize the operational state... More >