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Volume 1, Issue 1, Sustainable Intelligent Infrastructure
Volume 1, Issue 1, 2025
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Sustainable Intelligent Infrastructure, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2025: 29-38

Open Access | Research Article | 14 April 2025
Carbon Footprint Analysis on Alternate Disposal Strategies for Personal Protective Equipment Waste
1 Osaimi Geotechnic Company, Khobar 34433, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
3 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
* Corresponding Author: Arif Ali Baig Moghal, [email protected]
Received: 15 February 2025, Accepted: 24 March 2025, Published: 14 April 2025  
Abstract
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has gained universal acceptance as a critical measure for safeguarding individuals against hazardous environments, including exposure to infectious agents and harmful substances. The increased use of PPE across various industries has resulted in a significant rise in its consumption. Primarily, the steady surge in global COVID cases has caused a sudden rise in demand for PPE. However, the indiscreet and irrational disposal method can potentially augment the impending climate change problem. In the prevailing situation, there is a need to assess their current mode of disposal in terms of carbon emissions. The present study aims to perform carbon footprint analysis (CFA) on landfilling, incineration, and recycling methods of disposal for two scenarios (1 and 100 million PPE). The results indicate that the application of the recycling option could contribute to a situation with conceivably positive emissions with net savings in emissions of approximately 0.159 million kg CO2e/million PPE. In contrast, it shows that the emissions associated with incineration are substantially higher than the other two methods with emissions of more than 0.78 million kg CO2e/million PPE. Additionally, transportation factors such as haulage distance and vehicle type significantly influence overall emissions. For scenario II, emissions from recycling and landfilling increase by 383% and 390%, respectively, compared to a 100% increase for incineration. Based on the net emissions, the order of preference for the three disposal methods is recycling > landfilling > incineration, which is consistent for both scenarios. However, for the hypothetical infinite periods, the emissions from landfilling can potentially rise by more than ten times compared to a surveyable period of 30 years. These findings highlight the need for sustainable PPE waste management to reduce environmental impact.

Graphical Abstract
Carbon Footprint Analysis on Alternate Disposal Strategies for Personal Protective Equipment Waste

Keywords
personal protective equipment
carbon footprint analysis
incineration
landfilling
recycling

Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.

Funding
This work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project Number under Grant RSP2025R279, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest
Mohammed Ashfaq is the Engineering Manager at Osaimi Geotechnic Company, Khobar 34433, Saudi Arabia.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.

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Cite This Article
APA Style
Ashfaq, M., Nuruddin, M., Moghal, A. A. B., & Almajed, A. (2025). Carbon Footprint Analysis on Alternate Disposal Strategies for Personal Protective Equipment Waste. Sustainable Intelligent Infrastructure, 1(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.62762/SII.2025.512875

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